Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME et al. All G-M377 men tested so far also have a rare null value for the DYS425 marker, (a missing "T" allele of the DYS371 palindromic STR), the result of a RecLOH event, a finding not yet seen among most other G haplotypes. Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM et al. Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter. Moreover, these general frequencies mostly consist of two notable lineages. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. Members of this group have been found in Europe and the Middle East.[3]. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. Artefactual values below 0% values were not depicted. Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 788788. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. The Etruscans: a population-genetic study. The most commonly occurring subclades are G1* (M285) and many subclades of G2 (G-P287), especially: G2a (P15), G2a1 (G-FGC7535, formerly G-L293), G2a2b2a (G-P303) formerly G2a3b1); G2a2b1 (G-M406) formerly G2a3a; G2a2b2a1 (G-L140) formerly G2a3b1a; G2a2b2a1a1b (G-L497) formerly G2a3b1a2; G2a2b2a1a1a1 (G-L13) formerly G2a3b1a1a; G2a2b2a1a1c1a (G-CTS5990 or G-Z1903) formerly G2a3b1a3; G2b (G-M3115) and; G2b1 (G-M377), formerly G2b. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Cinnioglu C et al. Age The oldest skeletons confirmed by ancient DNA testing as carrying haplogroup G2a were five found in the Avellaner cave burial site, near Les Planes d'Hostoles, in Catalonia, Spain and were dated by radiocarbon dating to about 5000 BCE. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. The haplogroups contain many branches called subhaplogroups or subclades. This is likely due to a local founder effect.[40]. The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. Haplogroup G2a1 (also known as G-FGC753 and previously as G-L293) and its subclades represent the majority of haplogroup G samples in some parts of the Caucasus Mountains area. M286 was first identified at Stanford University at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A. The M201 SNP mutation that characterizes haplogroup G was identified at Stanford University and was first reported in 2001. In contrast to G1, the absolute majority of hg G samples belonged to G2-P287-related sub-clades, with the vast majority of them being associated with G2a-P15-related lineages. The G-P303 phylogenetic network was constructed using 248 G2a3b-P303-derived 19-locus haplotypes from populations representing Europe, Middle/Near East, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus and belonging to five sub-clades P303*, U1, M527, M426 and L497. EKK thanks the Russian Academy of Sciences Program for Fundamental Research Biodiversity and dynamics of gene pools, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for state contracts P-325 and 02.740.11.07.01, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grants 04-04-48678- and 07-04-01016-. Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. Hum Genet 2004; 114: 127148. The final major subclade is characterized by presence of the SNP Z1903 and by a value of 9 at marker DYS568. The fragments were run on the ABI PRISM 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context. Hum Hered 2006; 61: 132143. For this are several indications. Although compared with G1-M285, the phylogenetic level of P303 (Figure 1) is shallower but its geographic spread zone covers the whole hg G distribution area (Figure 2b). The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK. First, here is the only region with co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity of haplogroup G. Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA et al. Conversely, hg G is present in Northeast Caucasus only at an average frequency of 5% (range 019%). Unresolved G2a-P15* lineages occur across a wide area extending from the Near/Middle East to the Balkans and Western Europe in the west, the Caucasus (especially the South Caucasus) in the north and Pakistan in the east. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. [29][30][31] 3% of North African Berbers were found to be haplogroup G.[32] 2% of Arab Moroccans and 0.8% of Berber Moroccans were likewise found to be G.[33]. The Y-chromosomal haplogroup G (hg G) is currently defined as one of the 20 standard haplogroups comprising the global Y-chromosome phylogeny.1 The phylogeographic demarcation zone of hg G is largely restricted to populations of the Caucasus and the Near/Middle East and southern Europe. In north-eastern Croatia, in the town of Osijek, G was found in 14% of the males. [12] The fourth site also from the same period is the tztal of the Italian Alps where the mummified remains of tzi the Iceman were discovered. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians. The first principal component separates the populations of the Caucasus from those of Europe, with the Near/Middle Eastern populations being intermediate (Figure 3a). Origin and Migrations of Haplogroup G-M201 The first man to carry haplogroup G-M201 likely lived in southwestern Asia or the Caucasus between 46,000 and 54,000 years ago. [41] These classifications are based on shared SNP mutations. Iceman tzi, known to have been a haplogr. The Turkish G-M377 is somewhat closer, but not identical. In the Near/Middle East, the highest P303 frequency is detected among Palestinians (17.8%), whereas in Europe the frequency does not exceed 6%. The Sea Peoples, from cuneiform tablets to carbon dating. The network was obtained using the biallelic markers P303, M426, L497, U1, M527 and 19 STR loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS439, DYS461 (TAGA counts), DYS385a,b, DYS437, DYS438, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, YGATAH4). Although both broadly distributed, G2a-P15* and its downstream L91 sub-lineage have low frequencies, with the exception of Sardinia and Corsica. Among Jews in Israel drawn from many areas of the world, G-M377 constituted 3.7% in one study. These are found at: rs9786910, rs9786537, rs2713254, rs35567891 and rs34621155 on the Y chromosome. Whatever the date or specific place of origin, part of the G family put down roots predominantly in the area south and east of the Caucasus mountains. This group was created for the folks who's paternal Y-DNA reflects they belong to haplogroup G2a (G-P15). The hg G2a3b1c-L497 sub-cluster, on the other hand, has so far been found essentially in European populations and therefore is probably autochthonous to Europe. In addition, we introduce five new markers: M426, M461, M485, M527 and M547 (Supplementary Table S2). SD was also calculated for the age estimates according to the following formula: 25/1000 (ASD0 variance)/0.00069. Samples have been identified in England, Germany, Montenegro (Bosniak), Spain, Cyprus (Greek), Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Kuwait. Moreover, the accuracy and validity of the evolutionary rate has been independently confirmed in several deep-rooted Hutterite pedigrees.34 Furthermore pedigree rate-based estimates cannot be substantiated, as they are often inconsistent with dateable archeological knowledge, for example, as clearly illustrated regarding the peopling of the Americas.35 Coalescent times based on 10 STR loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS439, DYS461-TAGA counts) and the median haplotypes of specific hg G sub-haplogroups are presented in Supplementary Table S4. Phylogenetic relationships of studied binary markers within haplogroup G in wider context of M89-defined clade. Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I et al. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK . Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia, This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). Chiaroni J, King RJ, Myres NM et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 1825518259. Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in Western Asia. Its estimated Td of 120953000 years ago suggests considerable antiquity allowing time to accumulate STR diversity and also to disperse relatively widely. (a)(f) Spatial frequency maps of haplogroup G (hg G) and its sub-clades with frequencies over 10%. However, no clinal patterns were detected in the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the five sub-haplogroup frequencies with distance, suggesting that the distributions are not clinal but rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. The suggested relevant pre-historical climatic and archeological periods specified in conjunction with lineage-specific estimated expansion times are specified in the summary portion of Supplementary Table S4. (2004) suggested the mutation took place only 9,500 years ago. The authors of the Spanish study indicated that the Avellaner men had rare marker values in testing of their short tandem repeat (STR) markers. For the multi-copy STR DYS389I,II the DYS389b value was DYS389I subtracted from DYS389II. PAU thanks Professor Carlos D Bustamante. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. Looking still more closely at the distribution of P303 sub-clades, some distinct patterns emerge in the network (Figure 4). The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. Thus, G2a3a-M406, along with other lineages, such as J2a3b1-M92 and J2a4h2-DYS445=616, may track the expansion of the Neolithic from Central/Mediterranean Anatolia to Greece/Italy and Iran. G2a was found also in 20 out of 22 samples of ancient Y-DNA from Treilles, the type-site of a Late Neolithic group of farmers in the South of France, dated to about 5000 years ago. The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11. The general frequency pattern of hg G overall (Figure 2a) shows that the spread of hg G extends over an area from southern Europe to the Near/Middle East and the Caucasus, but then decreases rapidly toward southern and Central Asia. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. In Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran, haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations. The North Ossetians in the mid northern Caucasus area of Russia belong overwhelmingly to the G2a1 subclade based on available samples. While neither knowledge of paleo-climate, archeology or genetic evidence from a single locus using modern populations provides an unimpeachable microcosm of pre-historical expansions, considering them together cautiously provides a contextual framework for discussion. Nature 2010; 466: 238242. Encyclopedia of mtDNA Origins - Discover your maternal lineage. The 96 populations were collapsed into 50 regionally defined populations by excluding populations where the total G count was less than n=5. King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T et al. Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. Digora, North Ossetia has the highest known concentration of G in a single city, as 74% of the tested men were G.[14] Haplogroup G is found as far east as northern China in small percentages where G can reach more substantial percentages in minority groups such as the Uyghurs. The most probably region of the initial phase of G-M201 is estimated to be in Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. Because M201 was identified first, it is the standard SNP test used when testing for G persons. The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations. The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. Another frequent sub-clade of the G2a3-M485 lineage is G2a3a-M406 (Figure 2e). (a) Principal component analysis by population. It was then learned that several subclades belong under L223, including: G-L91 was identified in 2009. In order to determine if one of these alternative SNPs represents a subclade of M201, the alternative SNPs must be tested in G persons who are negative for the known subclades of G. There are only a tiny number of persons in such a category, and only a tiny number of persons have been tested for G equivalent SNPs other than M201. Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, Siiri Rootsi,Mari Jrve,Ildus Kutuev,Krt Varendi,Hovhannes Sahakyan,Doron M Behar,Alena Kushniarevich&Richard Villems, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia, Ildus Kutuev,Elza K Khusnutdinova&Rita Khusainova, Departamento de Gentica, Facultad de Biologa, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Human Genetics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia, Hovhannes Sahakyan,Levon Yepiskoposyan&Ardeshir Bahmanimehr, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia, Immunology department, Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie L. In the ten remaining populations, haplogroup diversity spanned from a low of 0.21 in Adyghes, to highs of 0.88 in Azeris (Iran) and 0.89 in eastern Anatolia and 0.90 in Armenia.